Religion in Romania is the societal institution of the Romanian
Orthodox Church. The traditions, culture and daily habits of 87%
of Romanians is deeply intertwined with the life rhythms and dictates of
this oldest of Christian churches.
Presents are given from Mos Nicolae (Old Saint Nicklaus) in
early December. Red eggs are painted in Easter with the blood of
Christ (it's food dye).
The new baby will be baptised in the local neighbourhood church, a
high ceremony with all the family, conducted with the priest, the child,
the godparents and God.
With over 98% of Romanians being Christian, only one out of twenty
Romanians profess allegiance to the Roman or Greek Catholic churches.
The main protestant church in Romania is actually the Reformed Church of Hungary and
Transilvania, which barely makes up 3% of the total Romanian population,
as much as all of the other protestant denominations combined.
Lutherans for example, number 27,000 now, mostly around Braşov.
And the Winner Is... Orthodox!
The Romanian autocephalous church in the Eastern
Orthodox faith gets the lion's share (and lamb's share) of the
religious in Romania
Catholic includes Roman and Greek
Catholics, and Protestant includes Lutheran, Presbyterian and all
others except Pentecostal and Baptist
87% of
Romanians support the over 14,500 churches and places of worship,
with 400 Monasteries home to over 8000 monks and nuns
A Romanian Orthodox Monk
The only Orthodox Monks in the world to give the
liturgy in a romance language!
The Romanian Orthodox Church is one of several Eastern Orthodox churches.
The Romanian church is second only to the Russian Orthodox Church in
size, with 87% of Romanians professing their faith as Orthodox.
In 1859, the Romanian principalities of Moldova and Wallachia formed
the modern state of Romania. The hierarchy of the orthodox churches
tends to follow the structure of the state. Therefore, shortly after, in
1872, the orthodox churches of the former principalities (the Metropoly
of Ungrovlahia and the Metropoly of Moldova) decided to unite to form
the Romanian Orthodox Church.
In the process, they canonically separated
from the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople and the
Romanian Orthodox Church declared autocephaly. In the same year was
constituted a separate synod.
The Patriarchate of Constantinople only recognized the autocephaly of
the Romanian Orthodox Church in 1885. First organized with the rank of
Metropoly, the Romanian Orthodox Church became a Patriarchy in 1925,
when the ranks of the Romanian Orthodox Church grew following the
formation of Greater Romania.
The Communist regime
The Communist government, through the 1948 Law of Cults made the Church
tightly controlled by the state. The monasteries were transformed into
craft centres and priests were encouraged to learn other 'worldly' jobs.
The leadership of the Church had good relations with the Communist
regime, but there were many members of the clergy which dissented: until
1963 as many as 2,500 individual priests and monks were arrested and
further 2,000 monks were forced to give up the monastic life.
While the dissenters were sentenced to fairly long terms in prison,
there were also many priests who collaborated and were informers for
Securitate, the secret police. In 2001, the Romanian Orthodox Church
tried unsuccessfully to change the law which allowed the access to the
archives of Securitate, in order to deny public access to the files of
the priests which collaborated with the Securitate.
It was only after the 1989 Romanian Revolution, when Romania became
democratic, that the Church was freed from state control.
Romanian icon of St. Peter
A Truly Romanian version of the popular icons of Eastern
Orthodox tradition
The Last Romanian Supper
Done in the traditional icon style of rural
Romania, presumably with painted Easter eggs on the table.
Relationships with the Greek Catholic Church
In 1948 the Romanian Church United with Rome, Greek-Catholic was
outlawed, and all its assets, including churches, were handed over to
the Orthodox church. After the fall of the Communist regime, the Greek
Catholics requested that their churches be returned, but so far only 16
of the 2600 claimed churches have been returned. There are reports that
several old Greek Catholic churches were demolished while under the
administration of the Orthodox Church.
The Romanian Orthodox Church is the only Orthodox church using a Romance
language in the divine liturgy.
Byzantine religious records also mention a unique form of bishoprics
in the region - namely the chorepiscopate or countryside episcopate - as
opposed to the better-known religious centres in large cities. This can
possibly be compared to the "monastic bishops" of Ireland, who united
the functions of countryside Abbot with that of district Bishop in
another country that did not emphasize an urban episcopate, at least for
a time.
The very word for "church" in Romanian, Biserică is unique in Europe.
It comes from Latin "basilica" (in turn a loanword from Greek βασιλικα -
meaning "communications received from the king" and "the place where the
Emperor administered justice"), rather than "ecclesia" (from Greek
εκκλησία, from "those called out").
Canonical status
The Romanian Orthodox Church is organized as the Romanian Patriarchate.
The highest hierarchical, canonical and dogmatical authority of the
Romanian Orthodox Church is the Holy Synod.
Organization
There are five Metropolitanates and ten archbishoprics in Romania, and
more than twelve thousand priests and deacons, servant fathers of
ancient altars from parishes, monasteries and social centres.
Almost 400
monasteries exist inside the country for some 3,500 monks and 5,000
nuns. Three Diasporan Metropolitanates and two Diasporan Bishoprics
function outside Romania proper. As of 2004, there are, inside Romania,
fifteen theological universities where more than ten thousand students
(some of them from Bessarabia, Bukovina and Serbia benefiting from a few
Romanian fellowships) currently study for a doctoral degree.
More than
14,500 churches (traditionally named "lăcaşe de cult", or worshiping
places) exist in Romania for the Romanian Orthodox believers. As of
2002, almost 1,000 of these were either in the process of being built or
rebuilt.
Relations with other Orthodox Jurisdictions
Most Eastern Orthodox autocephalous churches, including the Romanian,
maintain a respectful spiritual link to the Ecumenical Patriarch. Now in
office is His All-Holiness Bartholomew I, Patriarch of Constantinople
and New Rome.
Famous theologians
Father Dumitru Stăniloae (1903 - 1993) is one of the greatest
theologians of the 20th century. His other magnum opus, aside from his
duhovnicesc (deepest spiritual) opus, is the 45-year-long comprehensive
collection known as the Romanian Philocaly.
Father Archmandrite Cleopa Ilie (1912 - 1998), elder of the Sihastria
Monastery, is the most representative elder and spiritual father of
contemporary Romanian Orthodox spirituality.
The Romanian version of Roman Catholicism sees a
slightly more rococo bent with typical Eastern European flourishes
in this grand Sibiu church.
About twelve percent of Christian Romanians do not follow
the
near-national Orthodox religion. Even being a Protestant
in Romania is a statistical oddity, and even more rare would to
be a Catholic of any sort (Greek or Roman).
The Romanian Roman-Catholic Church is a Latin Rite Catholic
Church, a distant second-place Romanian denomination after the
Romanian Orthodox Church.
With just over a half a million Hungarian members, the Roman
Catholic diocese also include a mix of 350,000 Romanians, 36,000
Germans and 20,000 Roma people, most of them in Transylvania and
Bacău County.
Roman Catholicism sort of trickled into Transilvania after
the Hungarians migrating there in the 10th Century largely
converted to the Roman faith.
In early 13th century, the Cumans, who lived in eastern
Wallachia and southern Moldavia converted to Catholicism and in
1227, on the valley of the Milcov River a diocese was created
for them, keeping the name of "Diocese of the Cumans" until
1523.
A Catholic diocese was founded in Wallachia, at Curtea de
Argeş in 1381, while in Moldavia, dioceses were founded at Siret
(1371), Baia (1415) and Bacău (1611). Laţcu of Moldavia
converted to Catholicism in 1370, but this is thought to be a
political move in order to obtain Pope's protection against the
Catholic Polish and Hungarians. After he died, Laţcu was buried
in an Orthodox church in Rădăuţi and the following rulers of
Moldavia were all Orthodox.
Romanian Byzantine Catholicism is the Greek Catholic church,
or "The Romanian Church United with Rome, Greek-Catholic".
This Eastern Rite or Greek-Catholic Church ranked as a Major
Archiepiscopal Church, which uses the Byzantine liturgical rite
in the Romanian language. Pope Benedict XVI raised
the church to the archiepiscopal rank in 2005.
Using the Eastern Rites that are a hold-over from Byzantine
times, the Greek Catholics, or sometimes "Uniate" church, have
always been sort of a bridge in some ways between their Eastern
Orthodox brethren and the Western Latin beliefs. In 1700
almost all the Romanians of Transylvania, headed by Bishop
Atanasie Anghel, entered into full communion with the see of
Rome, while keeping their Byzantine liturgical rite, a
surprisingly flexible dogma. One of the bigger sticking
points clearly is over priests marrying, required in the
Orthodox church, and forbidden in the Roman one.
The Greek Catholics count among their faithful 737,900
parishioners, 716 diocesan priests and 347 seminarians (2003).
The Greek-Catholic Church has been led by the Most Reverend
Lucian Mureşan, Archbishop of Făgăraş and
Alba Iulia, one of five dioceses with Oradea Mare, Cluj-Gherla,
Lugoj and Maramureş. Curiously enough, there is a
sixth diocese under Vatican control in America, Saint George's
in Canton, Ohio).
"Reformed" refers to the Protestant reformation started by Luther,
and is used more often in Romania to mean Protestantism. Baptist,
Calvinism, Lutheranism, Methodism are all products of the Protestant
Reformation.
John Calvin
Active in the Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation was a movement in the 16th century to
reform the Catholic Church in Western Europe. The Reformation was
started by Martin Luther with his 95 Theses on the practice of
indulgences. In late October of 1517 he posted these theses to the door
of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, commonly used to post notices to the
University community. In November he mailed them to various religious
authorities of the day. The reformation ended in division and the
establishment of new institutions.
The four most important traditions to emerge directly from the
reformation were the Lutheran tradition, the
Reformed/Calvinist/Presbyterian tradition, the Anabaptist tradition, and
the Anglican tradition.
Headquartered in Cluj with two districts (Transylvania and Oradea),
the 725,000 members in almost 800 parishes of the Romanian Reformed
Church serves the ethnic Hungarian and Seckler community in Romania,
about 3.2% of the total church-going population in Romania.
The Hungarian Reformed Church is a key representative of the Magyar
Christianity, being numerically the second-largest denomination in
Hungary, after the Roman Catholic Church, and is the biggest
denomination among ethnic Hungarians in Romania.
Interestingly, the Reformed Church in Hungary is the only Reformed
church with an episcopal policy.
With 22 Hungarian Reformed denominations, it consists of four Districts
headed by Bishops, almost 30 presbyteries with 1,500 churches, with a
membership of around 2.4 million. The Romanian
Reformed Church in Transilvania has about one third the membership of
the "mother" Hungarian church.
Pentecostals number about 2700 in Dobrogea. The Bethlehem
churches have faithful in Medgidia, Cuza Voda,
Cobadin, Mircea Voda, Tortomanu, Izvoru Mare, Satu Nou, and
now in Castelu (below)!
The group Armonix from Cluj combines
Pentecostal gospel tradition with boy-band harmonies for a fresh
edge on Christian pop in their album "Long Ago Words".
Pentecostal churches tend to be more common where the populations of
ethnic Romanians is less than the national average, particularly in
areas along the Hungarian border and in the ethnic Hungarian regions of
Transilvania. The
Crişana Region has the most Pentecostal
adherents of any region with over 62,000, followed closely by
The Bucovina region with
55,000 from Vatra Dornei to the Prut river.
Cluj has a fairly dense population with about 20,000 in County Cluj.
But, Pentecostal communities pop in all across Romania, with
communes and towns of Vinga,
Sarmasag, Budeşti, Blaj all having notable populations.
The Pentecostal movement within Protestant Christianity places
special emphasis on the gifts of the Holy Spirit, as shown in the
Biblical account of the Day of Pentecost. Pentecostalism is similar to
the Charismatic movement, but developed earlier and separated from the
mainstream church. Charismatic Christians, at least in the early days of
the movement, tended to remain in their respective denominations.
Unlike most other Christians, Pentecostals believe that there is a
second work of the Holy Spirit called the baptism of the Holy Spirit in
which the Holy Spirit is now in them, and which opens a believer up to a
closer fellowship with the Holy Spirit and empowers them for Christian
service.
Speaking in tongues, also known as "glossolalia", is the normative
proof, but not the only proof, of the baptism with the Holy Spirit. Most
major Pentecostal churches also accept the corollary that those who
don't speak in tongues have not received the blessing that they call
"The Baptism of the Holy Spirit". This claim is uniquely Pentecostal and
is one of the few consistent differences from Charismatic theology.
The Baptist Union of Romania is an alliance of Baptist churches for
cooperative ministry in Romania.
Since independent (or individual) churches have no legal standing in
Romania, the Baptist Union also provides a mediatorial relationship
between churches and government.
The Baptist Union of Romania is the second largest Baptist
body in Europe with 126,639 Baptists and 1650 churches. Much like the
Pentecostals, most of the Baptist population are concentrated in the
Crişana
Region (40,500), although the second most populous region is
the Banat Region with
24,000 faithful.
Hungarian Baptist Churches
The Union of the Hungarian Baptist Churches of Romania was organized
in Cluj-Napoca on February 3, 1990. In 1996 the name "Union" was changed
to "Convention", making the current name the Convention of the Hungarian
Baptist Churches of Romania. According to Baptist World Alliance
statistics, the Convention of the Hungarian Baptist Churches had 8519
members in 210 churches in 1999.
In 2004, the Baptist Union of Romania and the Convention of the
Hungarian Baptist Churches of Romania entered into a three year
partnership with the Missouri Baptist Convention (an affiliate of the
Southern Baptist Convention), primarily for the purpose of evangelism
and church planting.
The town of Nădlac in County Arad along the
Hungarian border is the main border crossing into Western Romania from
Hungary and also a centre of the Lutheran Slovakian community in the
Romanian Banat. Reghin in County Mureş
has both German and Hungarian protestant churches, with the Lutheran
church of St. Mary built in 1330, and like so many, burnt down in 1708
and in 1848, rebuilt both times.
Saxon Mediaş
The Sibiu region was once a Saxon stronghold, as
was the Lutheran religion
The Black Church
Really, surprisingly grandiose for the Lutherans
Lutheran Church in Bucharest
Serving the Bucharest faithful, a mix of Romanian
and foreign nationals attending weekly, in this curious
Romania-yet-austere architecture.
The County Sibiu village of Biertan, dating from 1283, was the see of
the Lutheran Evangelical Bishop in Transylvania between 1572 and 1867.
Near Mediaş, Biertan is the site of annual pilgrimages of Transilvanian
Saxons with about 1600 inhabitants now. The village's fortified
church is on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Also in the Sibiu area, Lutheran Evangelical Germans still live in
Aciliu and Amnaş near Sălişte, which in 1485 was included as one of the
seven seats of Saxondom. There are also several other small
Protestant Churches in the Sibiu region.
The Lutheran pastor Stephan Ludwig Roth irritated Hungarian
sensibilities in the early 1840s by rejecting any form of union between
Transylvania and Hungary, trying instead to build a bridge between
Saxons and Romanians. Thus, he attended the first ethnic Romanian
gathering at Câmpia Libertăţii near Blaj, and wrote about it in the
local press. Roth's articles show full support for the
Saxon-Romanian alliance, and highlight Avram Iancu's contribution to the
cause.
Braşov and the Black Church
Lutherans today in Romania live mostly in an around
Braşov and the stunning old Black Church in the heart of the old
section of this formerly Saxon city.
The originally-Roman Catholic cathedral was know as the Church of
Saint Mary until it was partially destroyed during a great fire set by
invading Habsburg forces on the April 21, 1689 during the Great Turkish
War. Afterward, it became known as the Black Church ("Biserica
Neagră" in Romanian), as it was indeed a bit sooty.
The structure is 89 meters in length and 38 meters from the floor
level to the highest point of its only bell tower. The Black Church has
a six ton bell, the biggest in Romania, an impressive 4,000 pipe organ
played during the weekly concerts, as well as a rich collection of
Anatolian carpets donated in the Middle Ages by Transylvanian Saxon
merchants.
Today the cathedral is a major symbol of Braşov,
and a museum open to visitors of the city centre. A Lutheran service is
held each Sunday for the small German community in the city.
The Saxon Lutherans
The Saxon market towns saw some impressive
edifices built, with the striking Black Church in
Braşov cutting a powerfully Gothic figure. No
shrinking violet!
A Lutheran service is held each Sunday for the
small German community in the city.
The Mosques of Dobrogea
The same blues of the painted churches of Moldova
can be found in the tiled mosque domes of Dobrogea
Today 1 out of 20 Romanians living in the
Dobrogea Region
is Muslim, and 3% claim Turkish heritage.
After centuries of Ottoman rule across the great plains of
Wallachia, and an entrenched Turkish culture thriving in Dobrogea along
the Black Sea coast, Muslim Romanians still make up 5.3% of the
Dobrogean population.
In 1880, Romanian Dobrogea was over 13% Turkish; today it is nearly
3%. Over three-quarters of Romania's Muslim citizens, or about
52,000 Muslims live in Dobrogea today.
The Esmahan Sultan Mosque at Mangalia is the oldest in Romania,
built in 1525 by Esmahan, the daughter of Ottoman sultan Selim II. The
mosque serves a community of 800 Muslim families, most of them of
Turkish and Tatar ethnicity and includes a graveyard with 300-year old
tombstones.
Facing Mecca
Few Dobrogeans notice the
crescent of Islam towering over their Orthodox and Catholic churches
down the hill from this Constanta mosque
The Romanian Revolution of 1989, which ended the Communist regime of
Nicolae Ceauşescu in
December 1989, offered the 15 religious denominations recognized in
Romania the chance to regain the terrain lost after 1945, the year when
Dr. Petru Groza of the Ploughmen's Front, a party
closely associated with the Communists, became prime minister. From that
time, the Communist Party started a campaign of secularisation, seeking
to transform the country into an atheistic state along Marxist-Leninist
lines.
Beginning with the 1989 revolution, the legally recognized churches,
especially the Romanian Orthodox Church, the country’s largest religious
group, pressured the post-communist authorities to introduce religious
education in public schools, offer substantial financial support for
theological institutions and allow denominations to resume their social
role by posting clergy in hospitals, elderly care homes and prisons.
Although education was an area where churches registered success in the
early stages of post-communist transition, religious education has
remained understudied.
Religious education under communism
Shortly after 1945, religious education came under the scrutiny of
communist authorities and the secret political police, the Securitate.
The Department of Religious Denominations, a governmental body dealing
with religious matters since pre-communist times, continued to exist but
was transformed into an agency enforcing stricter state control over
religious affairs in the country.
Recently it was revealed that the Securitate included a special
department supervising religious life that tried to solve the so-called
problem of the denominations, especially religious groups and
individuals hostile to the new regime.
Post-communist developments
After decades of officially-backed atheistic propaganda, one of the
first demands churches in that country put forth after December 1989 was
the resumption of pre-university religious education in public schools.
In January 1990, less than a month after communist dictator Ceauşescu
was killed by a firing squad and well before post-communist authorities
had time to revamp the education system, the new Secretary of State for
Religious Denominations, Nicolae Stoicescu, together with the Romanian
Orthodox Church’s collective leadership structure, the Holy Synod,
pledged their support for the introduction of religious education in
public schools at all pre-university levels.
Religion an Option
An optional religion class, for which students were not to be graded,
was to be included in the pre-university curriculum, with students
declaring their religious affiliation in consultation with their
parents. Students who were atheist or non-religious had the opportunity
to opt out of the classes.
The Romanian Senate discussed the bill on 13 June 1995 in the
presence of then Minister of Education Liviu Maior (representing the
Social Democrats), with much of the discussion centering on Article 9,
which recognized religion as a school subject.
First, Gheorghe Dumitrascu, who sat on the parliamentary commission
on education proposed that Article 9 read: "Mandatory school curricula
include religion as a school subject. The study of religion is mandatory
in primary school and optional in secondary school, the optional subject
being ethics. The study of religion is also optional, depending on the
religion and denomination of each student."
Inspirational for providing safety for the soul
and for the corporeal realm, this Moldovan church gave comfort in a
variety of ways.
The Dacian Church
Complete with alters and priests, the Dacian religion worshipped a
Jesus-like character called Zalmoxis who taught about the eternal soul
and was himself resurrected.
The original Romanians believed in the immortality of the soul, and
regarded death as merely a change of scenery.
The chief priest of the early Romanians held a prominent position as
the representative of the supreme deity, Zalmoxis. The chief priest was
also the king's number one adviser.
Much like Jesus, Zalmoxis was really a man, formerly a slave (or
disciple) of Pythagoras, who taught him the "sciences of the skies" at
Samos.
Zalmoxis was freed and amassed great wealth, returned to his country
and instructed his people, the Dacians, about the immortality of the
soul.
At one point, Zalmoxis travelled to Egypt and brought the people
mystic knowledge about the immortality of the soul, teaching them that
they would pass at death to a certain place where they would enjoy all
possible blessings for all eternity.
Zalmoxis then had a subterranean chamber constructed (other accounts
say that it was a natural cave) on the holy mountain of Kogainon, to
which he withdrew for three years (some other accounts considered he
actually lived in Hades for these three years).
The cave is claimed to be located in the Bucegi Mountains
of Romania (a cave or two in and named the Ialomicioara Cave. After
his disappearance, he was considered dead and mourned by his people, but
after the three years had passed, he showed himself once more, who were
thus convinced about his teachings; an episode that some considered to
be a resurrection.
However, the means of the resurrection and the Dacian's beliefs in
that process are completely unclear, and by no means can it be inferred
the Dacians had beliefs similar to the Judeo-Christian resurrection
lore.
During the rule of the Dacian King Burebista, the traditional year of
the birth of Zalmoxis, 713 BC, was to be considered the first year of
the Dacian calendar.
The earliest contacts of Roman Catholicism in Romania were during
Vlach-Bulgarian Rebellion, when the Asens' correspondence with the Pope
suggested that in addition to a military alliance against the
Byzantines, there were talks about the Orthodox Christian Vlachs
(Romanians) and Bulgarians conversion to Roman Catholicism.
However, as the Byzantines were defeated and Second Bulgarian Empire
consolidated, no such conversion was needed.
The Hungarian Influx
Roman Catholicism came on the territory of today's Romania after the
Hungarians converted to Catholicism in 1001. The Saxons, who arrived in
the 13th century in Transylvania, also settled in some Wallachian and
Moldavian towns, including Câmpulung, Târgovişte and Curtea de Argeş in
Wallachia and Baia (Târgul Moldovei) and Suceava in Moldavia. In
southwestern Moldavia, there were also Hungarian colonists, especially
in Bacău area.
In early 13th century, the Cumans, who lived in eastern Wallachia and
southern Moldavia converted to Catholicism and in 1227, on the valley of
the Milcov River a diocese was created for them, keeping the name of
"Diocese of the Cumans" until 1523.
The Diocese of Wallachia and Moldavia
A Catholic diocese was founded in Wallachia, at Curtea de Argeş in
1381, while in Moldavia, dioceses were founded at Siret (1371), Baia
(1415) and Bacău (1611). Laţcu of Moldavia converted to Catholicism in
1370, but this is thought to be a political move in order to obtain
Pope's protection against the Catholic Polish and Hungarians. After he
died, Laţcu was buried in an Orthodox church in Rădăuţi and the
following rulers of Moldavia were all Orthodox.
Apreciem oportunitatea de a vă ajuta -- orice
sugestie este binevenită pentru a îmbunătăţi lucrurile pe viitor!Trimiteţi un mesaj aici,
şi îţi mulţumim pentru că ai apelat la serviciile noastre!
RestRomania.ro
este marca brandului REST ROM SRL. Toate imaginile cu marca distinctivă de diamant R sunt proprietatea lui
Rest România şifolosirea lor fără acordul explicit al acestuia reprezintă o încălcare a
legii.
Această pagină web a fost scrisă
iniţial pentru rezidenţii ţărilor vorbitoare de limbă engleză în ideea
de a oferi informaţii turiştilor din SUA, UK, Canada, Australia şi Noua Zeelandă care călătoresc în România în interes personal sau în interes
de afaceri. Această traducere în limba română este realizată pentru a
arăta proprietarilor, operatorilor şi companiilor de turism din România
ce citesc clienţii lor în engleză. Traducerile sunt aproximative şi nu
ar trebui luate în considerare în scopuri legale. Vă rugăm consultaţi
Termeni şi Condiţii pentru mai multe
informaţii.
Mare parte a conţinutului acestei pagini
este derivată din Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă cu conţinut
deschis. Se poate să nu fi fost revizuită de editori
profesionali (vedeţi
disclaimer pentru riscuri). Este permisă copierea şi/sau
modificarea acestui document sub termenii Licenţei GNU pentru
Documentaţie Liberă, Versiunea 1.2 sau oricare altă versiune
ulterioară publicată de Fundaţia Free Software;
cu Secţiunile Invariantecapul
paginii,
josul
paginii, şi blocurile publicitare laterale pe părţile stânga
şi dreapta, comune website-urilor Rest România,
fără texte deasupra şi dedesubt.O
copie a
licenţei este inclusă în secţiunea intitulată
"Licenţa GNU
pentru Documentaţie Liberă".
The photo immediately preceding this notice is Copyright (c)2005 - 2008 Rest
Romania SRL, All rights reserved.
Photo: 
Have more info? Please Let us know!
Dă
o căutare în Google pentru
Poţi
Găsii Mai Multe Informaţii despre
în Enciclopedie!
România
SUA:
